Darby Book Research

Spent five weeks following Darby’s Rangers across the Mediterranean. Spoke to some old Italians about their parents and their memories, walked on their properties while analyzing the battles. Walked on trails that kicked my ass… Really great stuff and there are many people I have to thank and that will come later. The more I research, the more I learn, the more I hate wars… it’s a shit thing for most people although there are a few who love it… couple of pics from the beaches we hit….

It's not Netanyahu, it's not Hamas - it's Israel, it's Palestine

Facts, not emotions. Fact is we are complicit in genocide and ethnic cleansing and have been for decades. Blaming Netanyahu is obfuscation since ethnic cleansing has been officially ongoing since 1948.

We are on the wrong side of history to our detriment, never mind all the people being murdered but our congress has been bought and paid for by Zionist Americans, oppresses free speech, punishes people who object to the mainstream narrative and so on.

When we have members of congress and in our military wear the uniform of the IDF we have a serious problem in our country - that is called Dual Loyalty and that destroys our country. Israel is clearly interfering in our elections, never mind murdering US sailors and citizens. Israel was founded by terrorism and the IDF drew numbers of terrorists into its ranks. But hey, we also created the US through terrorism - one person’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter.

We know that anything and everything that comes out of the White House, Pentagon, mainstream media and racist Israel (most Israelis hate Arabs) are lies and nothing but lies.

It is absolutely shameful to fund and support the genocide on Palestinians - be that by Biden or by Trump. Hamas are not terrorists, they are elected by Palestinians and therefore the legal government whether we like it or not. Never mind that Israel helped Hamas… history, facts…

Democracy and freedom of speech are hollow talking points - we overthrow democracies, suppress freedom of speech and assembly, and actively fund genocide.

Never again but only for Israelis? I am well pleased there are many Jews who support peace, human rights, and Palestinians - they are a reminder of a great culture, of a great moral core, of a people who understand and experienced genocide. There may be hope, but not for us… as long as we murder animals we will murder humans. As long as we smear humans as untermenschen we will have wars. Since WWII we have been involved in forever wars and there is no end in sight. Israel is at war with everyone. 173 countries and 90% of the world’s population know that Apartheid Israel commits genocide and oppose it but the US…

Meanwhile we have a ton of homeless, a growing gap between the filthy rich and the poor, a shrinking middle class driven into bankruptcies by greed and a cruel congress, climate change - but we have billions upon billions for Israel…

Anyhow, here are some people who sell us lies, love the murder of human beings as long as they aren’t Israelis (Americans are okay to be murdered though), and really are the worst people. Religious lunatics, Republicans, Democrats… plain simple awful people. A bunch of real motherfuckers.

Canadian Snipers at War in Afghanistan - podcast

Snipers WO Cullen, SGT Nisbet et al wrote a book on what it takes to be a sniper intermixed with stories of real-world missions in Afghanistan. The book is with agent Alec Shane.

In the meanwhile Cullen and Nisbet are on a Canadian veterans podcast - you can find it here:

https://open.spotify.com/episode/1rfeWdov9kkPWut0puUTY0

https://formerfrontline.buzzsprout.com/1888239/14519148

A great photographer of life in all its forms Sebastião Salgado

His website is linked followed by a film on Youtube - you can also read a Guardian article by Andrei Netto you’ll find below

https://www.amazonasimages.com/sebastiao-salgado/

I photographed the world,” says Sebastião Salgado, flicking through the archive in his Paris studio. Salgado, who turns 80 this week, has witnessed wars, revolutions, coups, humanitarian crises, and famine. He has also seen some of the most pristine places on the planet – locations and peoples untouched by the devastating fury of the modern world.

His body of work, an instantly recognisable combination of black-and-white composition and dramatic lighting, has been built up over decades, covering hundreds of assignments in 130 countries and his name stands in the photojournalist pantheon alongside figures such as Robert Capa, Eugene Smith, Margaret Bourke-White, Henri Cartier-Bresson, James Nachtwey and Steve McCurry.

Now, Salgado tells the Guardian, it’s time to step down. “I know I won’t live much longer. But I don’t want to live much longer. I’ve lived so much and seen so many things.”

Although still strong and active – able to walk or cycle several kilometres a day – his body is paying the price for his years working in some of the world’s most hostile and challenging places.

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/feb/08/photographer-sebastiao-salgado-at-80-they-say-i-was-an-aesthete-of-misery

Sad news about Christian Oliver from the Good German

I worked on the Good German and have fond memories of the production. One day Christian was improvising, er, changing some of his lines and the script supervisor told him to stop doing that and to stick to the script - image below of him and Cate courtesy WB. He was earnest and dedicated. A really nice guy. On the last day of production he handed out some small bottles of wine commemorating the film. I still have it so many years later. I also have Clooney’s US Army jacket but that is another story.

Christian…a good German.

WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO AMERICA? by Jack F. Matlock Jr.

Great missive from https://jackmatlock.com/2023/12/what-has-happened-to-america/ Jack Matlock is a career diplomat who served on the front lines of American diplomacy during the Cold War and was U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union when the Cold War ended. Since retiring from the Foreign Service, he has focused on understanding how the Cold War ended and how the lessons from that experience might be applied to public policy today.

Rummaging through my accumulated papers, I just came across the English translation of a speech I delivered in Czech on July 4, 1982, when I was American ambassador in Prague. At that time Czechoslovakia was ruled by a Communist regime imposed by the Soviet Union.

As I perused it, I realized to my dismay that today I could not honestly make many of the statements in this message.

Here are some of the key paragraphs (in bold italic) and my reflections on them today:

I am pleased to send greetings to the people of Czechoslovakia on this 206th anniversary of my country’s independence. It is a day when we Americans celebrate the foundation of our nation as an independent, democratic republic, and a day on which we dedicate ourselves anew to implementing the ideals of our founding fathers. For us, the bedrock of these ideals is the proposition that states and governments are created by the people to serve the people and that citizens must control the government rather than being controlled by it. Furthermore, we believe that there are areas of human life such as expression of opinion, the practice and teaching of religious beliefs, and the right of citizens to leave our country and return as they wish, which no government has the right to restrict.

Can we really say that our citizens “control the government” today? Twice in this century we have installed presidents who received millions of votes fewer than did the president we installed. The Supreme Court has nullified rights supported by a decisive majority of our citizens. It takes far more votes to elect a senator in a populous state than it does in one with fewer citizens so the U.S Senate can be controlled by a minority of the country’s voters. Corporations and individuals are virtually unlimited in the amount they can spend to promote or vilify candidates and to lobby Congress for favorable tax and regulatory treatment. The Supreme Court has, in effect, ruled that corporations are citizens too! Is this not more akin to oligarchy than to democracy?

We are a nation formed of people from all corners of the world, and we have been nurtured by all the world’s cultures. What unites us is the ideal of creating a free and prosperous society. Through our history we have faced many challenges but we have been able to surmount them through a process of open discussion, accommodation of competing interests, and ultimately by preserving the absolute right of our citizens to select their leaders and determine the policies which affect their lives.

Since when have we seen an open discussion and accommodation of competing interests in the work of the U.S. Congress? When in this century has there been a debate on foreign policy? Why has Congress repeatedly authorized violence normally legal only under a state of war without voting a declaration of war as the Constitution requires?


Our society is not a perfect one and we know very well that we have sometimes failed to live up to our ideals. For we understand the truth which Goethe expressed so eloquently when he wrote, “Es irrt der Mensch, so long er strebt”(Man errs as long as he strives.) Therefore, while we hold fast to our ideals as goals and guides of action, we are convinced that no individual and no group possesses a monopoly of wisdom and that our society can be successful only if all have the right freely to express opinions, make suggestions and organize groups to promote their views.

Unless you are a Member of Congress who speaks out in defense of the fundamental rights of Palestinians to live in freedom in their ancestral lands, or students at Columbia University who wish to do the same.

As we Americans celebrate our nation’s birthday and rededicate ourselves to its ideals, we do so without the presumption that our political and economic system– however well it has served us–is something to be imposed upon others. Indeed, just as we preserve diversity at home, we wish to preserve it in the world at large. Just as every human being is unique, so is every culture and every society, and all should have the right to control their destinies, in their own ways and without compulsion from the outside. This is one of the principal goals of our foreign policy: to work for a world in which human diversity is not only tolerated but protected, a world in which negotiation and accommodation replace force as the means of settling disputes.

Unless you live in Afghanistan, or Iraq, or Syria, or Palestine…or, for that matter, in Iran, Cuba, or Venezuela.

We are still a long way from that world we seek, but we must not despair, for we believe that people throughout the world yearn basically for the same things Americans do: peace, freedom, security, and the opportunity to influence their own lives. And while we do not seek to impose our political system on others, we cannot conceal our profound admiration for those brave people in other countries who are seeking only what Americans take as their birthright.

Unless they live in Gaza or the Palestinian West Bank.

While this is a day of national rejoicing, there is no issue on our minds more important than the question of preserving world peace. We are thankful that we are living at peace with the world and that not a single American soldier is engaged in fighting anywhere in the world. Still, we are concerned with the high levels of armaments and the tendency of some countries to use them instead of settling disputes peacefully. We share the concern of all thinking people with the destructive potential of nuclear weapons in particular.

At that time the Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan and the U.S. was demanding their withdrawal. Subsequently they did withdraw in accord with an agreement the U.S, negotiated. But then, after 9/11, the U.S. invaded and stayed for 20 years without being able to create a democratic society. A subsequent invasion of Iraq, on spurious grounds, removed the Iraqi government and gave impetus to ISIS. Then, the U.S., without a declaration of war, invaded Syria and tried unsuccessfully to overthrow its government (which we recognized) and also to combat ISIS, which had been created as a result of the U.S. invasion of Iraq.
American soldiers are now stationed in more than 80 countries. We spend more on arms than all other budgets for discretionary spending, and now the Biden administration is making all but formal war against Russia, a peer nuclear power.

It is for this reason that President Reagan has proposed large reductions of nuclear weapons. … We have also made numerous other proposals which we believe would increase mutual confidence and reduce the danger of conflict. All aim for verifiable equality and balance on both sides. That way, the alliance systems facing each other would need not fear an attack from the other. …

Yes, and by 1991 we negotiated massive reductions in nuclear weapons, banned biological and chemical weapons and limited conventional weapons in Europe. The Cold War ended by agreement, not the victory of one side over the other. But, beginning with the second Bush administration, the U.S. unilaterally withdrew from every important arms control treaty and embarked on a “modernization” of the American nuclear arsenal costing tens of billions. Meanwhile, although there was no Warsaw Pact after 1990, the U.S. expanded NATO and refused to negotiate an agreement that insured Russia’s security.

The task ahead for all the peoples of the world to establish and preserve peace is not an easy one, The issues are complex and they cannot be solved by simplistic slogans, but only by sustained effort.

Nevertheless, from the late 1990s the U.S. seemed motivated by a false and simplistic doctrine that the world was destined to become like the U.S. and the U.S. was justified in using its economic and military power to transform the rest of the world to conform with its image of itself (the Neocon thesis). It was, in effect, an adaptation of the failed “Brezhnev doctrine” pursued by the USSR until abandoned by Gorbachev. As with the Brezhnev doctrine, the attempt has been an utter fiasco, but the Biden administration seems, oblivious to the dangers to the American people, determined to pursue it.

Nevertheless, I speak to you today with optimism, since I know that my country enters the 207th year of its independence with the determination not only to preserve the liberties we have one at home but to devote our energies and resources to maintaining peace in the world.

But, today, during the 248th year of American independence :

The US is sending 100 “super-bombs” for dropping on Gaza. The BLU-109 “bunker busters”, each weighing 2,000 pounds, penetrate basement concrete shelters where people are hiding, the Wall Street Journal reported Dec. 1.
America has sent 15,000 bombs and 57,000 artillery shells to Israel since October 7, the paper said. Details of the size and number of weapons sent have not been previously reported.
Also on the list are more than 5,000 Mk82 unguided or “dumb” bombs, more than 5,400 Mk84 2,000-pound warhead bombs, around 1,000 GBU-39 small diameter bombs, and approximately 3,000 JDAMs, the Journal said.
The news dramatically contradicts statements of Foreign Secretary Antony Blinken that avoiding civilian casualties is a prime concern for the United States.
The US also provided the bomb that was dropped on the Jabalia refugee camp, killing 100 people, possibly including a Hamas leader, the Journal said.
Repeated calls by the countries of the world, through the United Nations, for a ceasefire have not been supported by the U.S. and its follower nations.
Military spending makes up a dominant share of discretionary spending in the U.S., and military personnel make up the majority of government manpower.
The weapons are being airlifted on C-17 military cargo planes directly from the U.S. to Tel Aviv.

OH, LORD, WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO US?

FROM: https://jackmatlock.com/2023/12/what-has-happened-to-america/

Raised to see Israel as a ‘Jewish Disneyland’

Propaganda has many parents and has brought much destruction to the world from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Propaganda often leads to dehumanization of the perceived enemy - we have seen this throughout history from ancient Greece belittling barbarians, comic books and films picking this up in the 300, the world’s indigenous populations, the Asian yellow horde or pest, the Hun of WW1, the Armenians and Turks, the Jews and communists before WW2, smearing all Germans as Nazis, the Hutu genocide of the Tutsi, all the way through the post 9-11 drive vilifying all Arabs as terrorists including the Palestinians. Ultimately this leads to some kind of genocide. We are witnessing it today and is reiterated by Israel’s PM Netanyahu":”There will be no Hamas. There will be no civilian authority that educates their children to hate Israel, to kill Israelis, to destroy the state of Israel.” Of course, we can easily replace Israel with Palestine. Hamas is Palestinian and using Hamas as the enemy is a deliberate choice to make it look like an entity of its own, separate from Palestinians - it is NOT the Israel-Hamas War as propagated by western and Israeli media - it is a war against Palestinians. The article below gives us some context to the dangers of real-world, modern propaganda. It is a thoughtful piece on one such effort.

This is the entire article from the Guardian - the original piece can be found here https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/nov/12/israelism-documentary-american-jewish-israel-palestine-conflict

Raised to see Israel as a ‘Jewish Disneyland’, two US film-makers are telling a different story

A new documentary argues some young Jewish Americans – including the directors themselves – have been raised in a system that demands pro-Israel activism

Erin Axelman was a fervent Zionist by the time they reached high school in the late 2000s. For their bat mitzvah, they had received a copy of Exodus by Leon Uris. The 1958 novel, one of the bestselling books of the decade, tells a story about the creation of the Israeli state that helped cement American Zionism. “It’s this kind of heroic, almost mythical tale of the creation of the state of Israel and it was incredibly empowering,” Axelman said.

After reading Exodus, Axelman “became obsessed with Israel”, they said. “I considered joining the Israeli military and fantasized about moving there.” They latched on to the story of Jews returning home.

Then in high school, a teacher, taking note of Axelman’s enthusiasm, suggested they read about the history of Palestine. It proved a wake-up call. “The narratives I’d learned up to that point only mentioned Palestinians in passing or as an obstacle,” said Axelman. “But I read for an entire year Palestinian historians like Rashid Khalidi and leftwing Israeli historians like Tom Segev.” They say the process reminded them of what they’d learned in school about the history of the US, “in terms of a people who came to a new country that were refugees or immigrants and created a city on a hill, a beacon of light and a democracy. That narrative is incredibly empowering until you hear about the Native Americans and you realize it lacks some really basic points.”

That change in perception was the inspiration for the documentary Israelism, which Axelman directed with Sam Eilertsen. The film argues that some American Jews are told a story – about Jews escaping persecution and genocide to return to their ancestral homeland – that almost entirely erases the existence of Palestinians. It’s a narrative that has been incredibly influential in shaping global attitudes about the Israeli state and US alliances in the Middle East.

The film focuses on the lives of two young American Jews – Simone Zimmerman, who went to a Jewish school and lived in Israel on an exchange program, and Eitan (who doesn’t use his last name), who joined the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) after graduating high school. Zimmerman describes what she went through as a system of “indoctrination” and “mass mobilization” to turn her into an advocate for Israel within the US. It depicts a system of education and advocacy that demands pro-Israeli activism of some young Jewish Americans. There’s particular focus on what’s taught on birthright, the free trips to Israel for Jews living around the world that are funded by the Israeli government.

The film shows American Jewish children in elementary school waving Israeli flags and chanting: “We wanna go! We wanna go!” At a private Jewish middle school, children are filmed reading Alan Dershowitz’s The Case for Israel, and at birthright “mega events” in Jerusalem thousands of American teenagers are filmed cheering the IDF as a speaker tells them: “It’s up to you to be our soldiers abroad … ready to sway public opinion in Israel’s favor.”

All the subjects of the documentary go through a transformation, in many cases meeting with Palestinians and visiting the West Bank. It depicts a growing movement of Jews, many of them young, who want to support Palestinian rights and lessen Israel’s centrality to American Jewish identity.

The documentary was made before the 7 October Hamas terrorist attack in Israel and subsequent bombing of Gaza. But demand for the film has soared in the past few weeks. The film-makers are now holding weekly virtual screenings as well as a major tour of the US and Europe that is selling out. “People say to us: ‘I want to show my family this film, to help them understand,’” Axelman said.

The duo say promoting the film in the wake of the 7 October attacks has been difficult. “When I first went to Israel-Palestine when I was 21, I volunteered at this hostel with this amazing Israeli guy who does anti-occupation work and runs this hostel with Palestinian folks,” said Axelman. “Both of his parents were murdered by Hamas, and seeing the pain on his face in interviews is unbearable. It’s been obviously a very difficult time for our team – many folks have lost people, or are terrified that they’re going to lose people.”

Axelman says that their film helps explain that complexity of feeling now – that it’s impossible to understand the lenses through which people view the conflict without understanding the stories they’ve been told. “If you think of Israel as totally the land of the Jewish people, it seems like a very straightforward narrative that Hamas committed an isolated incident of pure evil terrorism,” Axelman said. “It’s true that Hamas murdered innocent civilians on a mass scale that is unbelievably traumatizing for Jewish people. It’s also true that happened in the context of brutal occupation that has existed for the entirety of most Palestinians’ lives.”

Axelman grew up in a small Jewish community in rural Maine. Their parents were hippies, of the same generation as Bernie Sanders. Axelman and their brother were the only self-identifying Jewish kids at their high school. “We got made fun of, it made us feel very different,” they said. “It was difficult to formulate a positive Jewish identity, feeling like an outsider and processing the horrors of the Holocaust and the horrors of antisemitism as a young person.”

Learning about Israel was a salve. “It’s true we do have an incredible ancient history there and so it makes sense, from a very basic standpoint, that it has a lot of emotional resonance. Because it is true we needed to escape Europe.”

Eilertsen, the film’s other director, experienced similar depictions of Israel growing up. “In the reform and conservative Jewish movement, Israel is sort of always introduced as almost like a Jewish Disneyland, this place where Jews can be fully Jews,” he said.

By the time they got to Brown University, Axelman was meeting other young people who “had been taught to love Israel unconditionally” but changed their views after coming into contact with Palestinians and hearing their stories.

They remember the leader of Brown Students for Israel, “who would essentially harass Palestinian students, and went to work for the ADL after college”, referring to the staunchly pro-Israel Anti-Defamation League. A decade later, Axelman says, those same students are doing Palestinian human rights work. “Seeing so many of these pro-Israel student leaders go through this transformation made me really interested in making this film.”

The film also argues that in some American Jewish communities, cultural celebration of Israel is channeled into high-stakes political activism. It shows how Hillel, the Jewish campus organization active in most colleges in the US, pushes Jewish students towards pro-Israel advocacy, with ex-IDF soldiers attending meetings of students. One interviewee, Sarah Anne Minkin, the director of programs at the Foundation for Middle East Peace, describes a set of institutions that turn “young Jews into soldiers for Israel”.

One of the main ways this happens, the film says, is through the pro-Israel lobby group the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (Aipac).

“This energy and this education quickly turns into actual political lobbying for Israel. We film people who, in Jewish high school, were sent to Aipac conferences to do lobbying. And in that lobbying, the most important thing is Israel is depoliticized. Supporting Israel is presented as this emotional state; it’s just something you’re supposed to do. And criticizing it is simply antisemitism,” Eilertsen said.

The directors point to Aipac’s unwavering support for Donald Trump, even as he refused to condemn antisemitic white nationalists, as evidence of the way the organization prioritizes support for Israel over other interests.

Zimmerman, whose high school sent her to Aipac conferences, says it was just a normal part of her life. “That’s part of the indoctrination, to tell young Jewish people they have to be soldiers in the battles to defend Israel, whether it’s on the ground or on the battleground of public opinion,” she said.

Zimmerman and the film-makers stress that the US has myriad strategic interests in the Middle East that are separate from the Israel lobby. “It’s about these countries’ foreign policy – but they use the narrative about protecting Jews conveniently as an excuse to justify other aspects of their foreign policy,” she said.

The film-makers are precise in their criticism of Aipac, and stress that it does not represent all American Jews, a diverse community that includes anti-Zionists and people with no connection to Israel. “​When people start making exaggerated claims about the power that Aipac actually has, that can slide into antisemitism,” said Eilertsen. “But the reality is that Aipac and aligned groups like Democratic Majority for Israel do have a lot of influence on Capitol Hill and they are widely credited” with helping elect candidates of their choice and defeat others they deem insufficiently supportive of Israel, he said. “These are facts, not conspiracy theories, so the idea that it’s antisemitic to say they have influence on our politics is an absurd deflection.”

Not everyone agrees. Writing in the Jewish Journal, an LA-based weekly, the columnist David Suissa said Israelism “wants us to believe that Zionist advocacy was so one-sided and all-consuming it created a generation of young Jews who, feeling duped, have turned against the Jewish state”. A board member of the UCLA branch of Students Supporting Israel, a Zionist group, told the Jewish Journal she felt the film was “extremely problematic” and “full of propaganda”.

The directors acknowledge there are people who come to the screenings who don’t agree with the premise of the film and ask critical questions. They encourage this, they say. But there hadn’t “been a single screening where someone hasn’t come up to us and said: ‘This is my story too,’” says Eilertsen.

They point too to the film’s hopeful tone, showing how through campus life, more open discussion and the Jewish left, many young Jews have a more evolved position on Israel. It shows a mass sit-in at the headquarters of the birthright movement, with Jewish protesters demanding a more honest dialogue.

“If there’s anything that gives me even a drop of hope in this horrific time, it’s that more people are going to take the blinders off,” said Zimmerman. “That people are going to stop believing the lies we were taught and have the courage to face the reality of Israel and not the fantasy of it.”

You want to know who is destroying our world and our future?

Look no further - ExxonMobil, Koch Industries and Marathon Petroleum, as well as Canadian companies Enbridge and TC Energy (Trans Canada). Bribing our officials so they can pollute and make money - nothing else matters to them. They are notorious liars and climate change deniers. In fact they set the environment where activists are longer safe to express their protests throughout the world…

This year has marked a further blow to the constitutional right to protest in the US, starting with the fatal police shooting [ruled homicide by medical examiner with 57 gun shot wounds] of forest protector and anti-Cop City activist Manuel Esteban Paez Terán in Atlanta in January 2023. It was the first case in US history of police killing an environmental activist while protesting.

An interesting opinion piece - Israel must stop weaponising the Holocaust


Opinion
Israel

Israel must stop weaponising the Holocaust

Raz Segal [Raz Segal is an associate professor of Holocaust and genocide studies at Stockton University and the endowed professor in the study of modern genocide]

Scholars of genocide are criticizing the dangerous use of the Holocaust to justify Israeli mass violence against Palestinians

Tue 24 Oct 2023 20.26 CEST

President Joe Biden began his remarks in Israel with this: “Hamas committed atrocities that recall the worst ravages of Isis, unleashing pure unadulterated evil upon the world. There is no rationalizing it, no excusing it. Period. The brutality we saw would have cut deep anywhere in the world, but it cuts deeper here in Israel. October 7, which was a … sacred Jewish holiday, became the deadliest day for the Jewish people since the Holocaust.

“It has brought to the surface painful memories and scars left by millennia of antisemitism and the genocide of the Jewish people. The world watched then, it knew, and the world did nothing.

“We will not stand by and do nothing again. Not today, not tomorrow, not ever.”

With this, Biden reinforced the rhetorical framework that the former Israeli prime minister Naftali Bennett expressed, in typically unashamed terms, in an interview on Sky News on 12 October: “We’re fighting Nazis.”

A powerful state, with powerful allies and a powerful army, engaged in a retaliatory attack against stateless Palestinians under Israeli-settler colonial rule, military occupation and siege, is thus portrayed as powerless Jews in a struggle against Nazis. This historical context in no way justifies or excuses the mass murder of 1,500 Israelis on 7 October, which constitutes a war crime and crimes against humanity. This was the single largest massacre of Jews since the Holocaust, which deeply shocked Jews and many others around the world. The context of the Hamas attack on Israelis, however, is completely different from the context of the attack on Jews during the Holocaust. And without the historical context of Israeli settler colonialism since the 1948 Nakba, we cannot explain how we got here, nor imagine different futures; Biden offered us, instead, the decontextualized image of “pure, unadulterated evil.”

This weaponization of Holocaust memory by Israeli politicians runs deep. In 1982, for instance, in the context of Israel’s attack on Lebanon, the Israeli PM, Menachem Begin, compared the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat in Beirut to Adolf Hitler in his bunker in Berlin at the end of the war. Three decades later, in October 2015, Benjamin Netanyahu took this weaponization to new levels when he asserted in a speech to the World Zionist Congress in Jerusalem that the Palestinian grand mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini planted the idea to murder Jews in Hitler’s mind. And last Tuesday, Netanyahu describedHamas in a press conference, together with the German chancellor, Olaf Scholz, as the “new Nazis”.

The Israeli defense minister, Yoav Gallant said: “Gaza will not return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything.” Nissim Vaturi, a member of the Israeli parliament for the ruling Likud party, to take another example, calledfor “erasing the Gaza Strip from the face of the earth”. There are many other such expressions by Israeli politicians and senior army officers in the last few weeks. The fantasy of “fighting Nazis” drives such explicit language, because the image of Nazis is one of “pure, unadulterated evil”, which removes all laws and restrictions in the fight against it. Perpetrators of genocide always see their victims as evil and themselves as righteous. This is, indeed, how Nazis saw Jews.

Biden’s words constitute therefore a textbook use of the Holocaust not in order to stand with powerless people facing the prospect of genocidal violence, but to support and justify an extremely violent attack by a powerful state and, at the same time, distort this reality…

Rest of the piece can be found at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust

Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza

In a world where powerful states are becoming more brazen in their impunity, it is crucial to give voice to those who resist. Along with nearly 800 lawyers, scholars, and practitioners, representing a diverse range of perspectives from academia and practice, I have signed a statement warning of the possibility of genocide in Gaza, Palestine. This open letter underscores the gravity of the situation, pinpointing multiple instances where the state of Israel appears to have breached international law, in full public view and frequently with the endorsement of a certain political class and a servile media. It is imperative we address these transgressions and hold accountable those who act with disregard for international law and for basic human decency, however flawed these might be. I urge every reader to reflect on this statement and the implications of what is happening for us, for international law, and, most of all, for the Palestinian people.

Mohsen al Attar

Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza (https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/18/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/. Opinio Juris was the world’s first blog dedicated to the informed discussion of international law by and among academics, practitioners and legal experts.)

15 October 2023

As scholars and practitioners of international law, conflict studies and genocide studies, we are compelled to sound the alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. We do not do so lightly, recognising the weight of this crime, but the gravity of the current situation demands it.

The pre-existing conditions in the Gaza Strip had already prompted discussions of genocide prior to the current escalation – such as by the National Lawyers Guild in 2014, the Russell Tribunal on Palestine in 2014, and the Center for Constitutional Rights in 2016. Scholars have warned over the years that the siege of Gaza may amount to a “prelude to genocide” or a “slow-motion genocide”. The prevalence of racist and dehumanising language and hate speech in social media was also noted in a warning issued in July 2014 by the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide and Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect, in response to Israel’s conduct against the protected Palestinian population. The Special Advisers noted that individual Israelis had disseminated messages that could be dehumanising to the Palestinians and that had called for the killing of members of this group, and reiterated that incitement to commit atrocity crimes is prohibited under international law.

Israel’s current military offensive on the Gaza Strip since 7 October 2023, however, is unprecedented in scale and severity, and consequently in its ramifications for the population of Gaza. Following the incursion by Palestinian armed groups on 7 October 2023, including criminal attacks against Israeli civilians, the Gaza Strip has been subjected to incessant and indiscriminate bombardment by Israeli forces. Between 7 October and 9:00 a.m. on 15 October, there have been 2,329 Palestinians killed and 9,042 Palestinians injured in Israeli attacks on Gaza, including over 724 children, huge swathes of neighbourhoods and entire families across Gaza have been obliterated. Israel’s Defence Minister ordered a “complete siege” of the Gaza Strip prohibiting the supply of fuel, electricity, water and other essential necessities. This terminology itself indicates an intensification of an already illegal, potentially genocidal siege to an outright destructive assault.

Late on 12 October, the Israeli authorities issued an order for more than 1.1million Palestinians in Gaza City and the northern Gaza Strip to leave their homes and flee to the south of Gaza within 24 hours, knowing that this would be practically impossible for many. Palestinians who did start to evacuate south reported that civilians and ambulances were targeted and hit by Israeli airstrikes on the designated “safe route”, killing at least 70 Palestinians who were fleeing to seek refuge. The ICRC stated that “the evacuation orders, coupled with the complete siege” are incompatible with international humanitarian law. Almost half a million Palestinians have already been displaced, and Israeli forces have bombed the only possible exit route that Israel does not control, the Rafah crossing to Egypt multiple times. The World Health Organisation published a warning that “[f]orcing more than 2000 patients to relocate to southern Gaza, where health facilities are already running at maximum capacity and unable to absorb a dramatic rise in the number patients, could be tantamount to a death sentence”.

There has also been an escalation of violence, arrests, expulsions, and destruction of whole Palestinian communities in the occupied West Bank and Jerusalem. Since 7 October, Israeli settlers, with the backing of the army and police, have attacked and shot Palestinian civilians at point blank range (as documented in the villages of a-Tuwani and Qusra), have invaded their homes and assaulted residents. A number of Palestinian communities have already been forced to abandon their homes, after which settlers arrived and destroyed their property. Between 7 – 15 October, Al-Haq documented the killing by Israeli military and settlers of 55 Palestinians in the West Bank, and more the injury of 1,200 Palestinians there.

Statements of Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 suggest that beyond the killings and restriction of basic conditions for life perpetrated against Palestinians in Gaza, there are also indications that the ongoing and imminent Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip are being conducted with potentially genocidal intent. Language used by Israeli political and military figures appears to reproduce rhetoric and tropes associated with genocide and incitement to genocide. Dehumanising descriptions of Palestinians have been prevalent. Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that “we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly”. He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to “a full-scale response” and that he had “removed every restriction” on Israeli forces, as well as stating: “Gaza won’t return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything.” On 10 October, the head of the Israeli army’s Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian, addressed a message directly to Gaza residents: “Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell”. The same day, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari acknowledged the wanton and intentionally destructive nature of Israel’s bombing campaign in Gaza: “The emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy.”

Since 2007, Israel has defined the Gaza Strip as a whole as an “enemy entity”. On 7 October, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Gazans would pay an “immense price” for the actions of Hamas fighters. He asserted that Israel will wage a prolonged offensive and will turn parts of Gaza’s densely populated urban centres “into rubble”. Israel’s President emphasised that the Israeli authorities view the entire Palestinian population of Gaza as responsible for the actions of militant groups, and subject accordingly to collective punishment and unrestricted use of force: “It is an entire nation out there that is responsible. It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It’s absolutely not true”. Israeli Minister of Energy and Infrastructure Israel Katz added: “All the civilian population in Gaza is ordered to leave immediately. We will win. They will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world.”

Evidence of incitement to genocide has also been present in Israeli public discourse. This ranges from statements by elected officials – such as Knesset member Ariel Kallner’s call on 7 October for “one goal: Nakba! [catastrophe for Palestinians] A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 1948” – to public banners displayed in Israeli cities calling for a “victory” signified by “zero population in Gaza” and the “annihilation of Gaza”. On national television, security correspondent Alon Ben David relayed the Israeli military’s plan to destroy Gaza City, Jabaliyya, Beit Lahiya, and Beit Hanun. Such statements are not new and resonate with a wider Israeli discourse showcasing the intent for elimination and genocide against the Palestinian people. Earlier in the year, for example, Israeli Minister of Finance Bezalel Smotrich called Palestinians “repugnant”, “disgusting” and called for “wiping out” the entire Palestinian village of Huwwara in the West Bank.

On 12 October 2023, a group of UN Special Rapporteurs’ condemned “Israel’s indiscriminate military attacks against the already exhausted Palestinian people of Gaza, comprising over 2.3 million people, nearly half of whom are children. They have lived under unlawful blockade for 16 years, and already gone through five major brutal wars, which remain unaccounted for”. The UN experts warned against “the withholding of essential supplies such as food, water, electricity and medicines. Such actions will precipitate a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza, where its population is now at inescapable risk of starvation. Intentional starvation is a crime against humanity”. On 14 October 2023, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the occupied Palestinian territory warned against “a repeat of the 1948 Nakba, and the 1967 Naksa, yet on a larger scale” as Israel carries out “mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians under the fog of war”.

The Palestinian people constitute a national group for the purposes of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the Genocide Convention). The Palestinians of the Gaza Strip constitute a substantial proportion of the Palestinian nation, and are being targeted by Israel because they are Palestinian. The Palestinian population of Gaza appears to be presently subjected by the Israeli forces and authorities to widespread killing, bodily and mental harm, and unviable conditions of life – against a backdrop of Israeli statements which evidence signs of intent to physically destroy the population.

Article II of the Genocide Convention provides that “genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

  • Killing members of the group;

  • Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

  • Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.”

All states are bound as a matter of law by the principle that genocide is a crime prohibited under international law. The International Court of Justice has affirmed that the prohibition of genocide is a peremptory norm of international law from which no derogation is allowed. The Convention provides that individuals who attempt genocide or who incite to genocide “shall be punished, whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals”.

Article I of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide provides that: “The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish”. The International Court of Justice has clarified that “a State’s obligation to prevent, and the corresponding duty to act, arise at the instant that the State learns of, or should normally have learned of, the existence of a serious risk that genocide will be committed. From that moment onwards, if the State has available to it means likely to have a deterrent effect on those suspected of preparing genocide, or reasonably suspected of harbouring specific intent (dolus specialis), it is under a duty to make such use of these means as the circumstances permit”.

Palestinian human rights organisations, Jewish civil society groups, Holocaust and genocide studies scholars and others have by now warned of an imminent genocide against the Palestinian population in Gaza. We emphasise the existence of a serious risk of genocide being committed in the Gaza Strip.

The undersigned urgently appeal to states to take concrete and meaningful steps to individually and collectively prevent genocidal acts, in line with their legal duty to prevent the crime of genocide. They must protect the Palestinian population, and ensure that Israel refrains from any further incitement to genocide and from the perpetration of conduct prohibited by Article II of the Genocide Convention.

All states should immediately act under Article VIII, and should call upon the competent organs of the United Nations, particularly the UN General Assembly, to take urgent action under the Charter of the United Nations appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide. We note specifically the role of the General Assembly here, given that the Security Council is compromised by the United States and the United Kingdom (both permanent veto-holding members) sending military forces to the eastern Mediterranean in support of Israel.

We recall that in 1982, the General Assembly condemned the massacre of Palestinian civilians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps as “an act of genocide”. We note also that the state of Palestine is entitled to initiate, in accordance with Article IX of the Genocide Convention, proceedings before the International Court of Justice in order to prevent the perpetration of genocidal acts.

Finally, we call on all relevant UN bodies, including the Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to immediately intervene, to carry out the necessary investigations and invoke the necessary warning procedures to protect the Palestinian population from genocide.

  1. Aanchal Saraf, Dartmouth College

  2. Aannd Vaidya, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Reed College

  3. Aaron Seymour, Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney

  4. Aasiya Lodhi, Senior Lecturer, University of Westminster.

  5. Abdelghany Sayed, Assistant Lecturer, PhD Candidate, Kent Law School.

  6. Abdullah Omran, PhD student, Indiana University

  7. Abigail Balbale, New York University

  8. Adalmir Marquetti, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS).

  9. Adam Elliott-Cooper, Lecturer, School of Politics and International Relations, Queen Mary University of London

  10. Adrian Carrillo Gomez, PhD student, Deusto University.

  11. Afshin Matin-Asgari, Professor of Middle East history, California State University, Los Angeles

  12. Ahmad Al-Dissi, Professor, University of Saskatchewan

  13. Ahmad Fouad, Lecturer of Law, the British University in Egypt

  14. Ahmad Khaled, PhD, Assistant Professor of Public Law, Birzeit University.

  15. Ahmad Mustafa, Ph.D. student at the University of Kansas

  16. Ahmed Abofoul, International Lawyer, Legal Researcher and Advocacy Officer at Al-Haq Organisation

  17. Ahmed Selim, PhD Student, University of Chicago

  18. Ahmet Ferhat Baran, PhD Student, University of Aberdeen.

  19. Ajantha Subramanian, Professor, City University of New York.

  20. Alba Valenciano-Mañé, post-doctoral researcher, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid

  21. Albert Caramés, Adjunct Professor, Blanquerna – Ramon Llull University

  22. Alessandra Mezzadri SOAS Reader in Global Development and Political Economy

  23. Alessandro Donadio Miebach, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

  24. Alexander D. Barder, Professor of International Relations, Florida International University

  25. Alexandre Abreu, Assistant Professor, ISEG-Lisbon School of Economics and Management.

  26. Alfredo Alietti, Professor, University of Ferrara Italy

  27. Ali Cebeci, PhD, Georgetown University

  28. Ali Raza, Associate Professor, Lahore University of Management Sciences

  29. Alice Panepinto, Reader, School of Law, Queen’s University Belfast

  30. Alicia Campos Serrano, Profesora Titular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

  31. Alison Phipps, UNESCO, Chair University of Glasgow

  32. Alma Khasawnih, The College of New Jersey

  33. Alyosxa Tudor, Reader in Gender Studies, SOAS University of London.

  34. Alyssa Kristeller, Graduate Student Georgetown University.

  35. Aman, Associate Professor of Legal Practice, Jindal Global University

  36. Amber De Clerck, PhD Student & Teaching Assistant, Ghent University, Belgium

  37. Amber Lakhani, PhD Candidate & GTA, SOAS University of London.

  38. Amira Abdelhamid, Lecturer in International Relations, University of Portsmouth

  39. Amy Strecker, Associate Professor of Law, University College Dublin

  40. Anamika Misra, Associate Lecturer, University of Bristol.

  41. Anand Sheombar, researcher & lecturer, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, NL.

  42. Ananya Chakravarti, Associate Professor of History, Georgetown University

  43. Anas Karzai, Laurentian University, Canada

  44. Andrea Cornwall, Professor of Global Development and Anthropology, King’s College London.

  45. Andrea Maria Pelliconi, Teaching Associate, University of Nottingham

  46. Andrea Mura, Senior Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London

  47. Andrea Teti, Associate Professor of Political Science, Univeristy of Salerno, Italy

  48. Andrew Bush, Assistant Professor, Bard College

  49. Angana Chatterji, University of California, Berkeley.

  50. Angela Daly, Professor of Law & Technology, University of Dundee.

  51. Angela Smith, Sessional Academic, University of New South Wales

  52. Angela Zito, Anthropology/Religious Studies, NYU

  53. Anita H. Fábos, Professor, International Development, Community & Environment Department, Clark University

  54. Anita Rupprecht, University of Brighton

  55. Anjali Arondekar, Professor, Feminist Studies, UCSC

  56. Anna Bigelow, Stanford University.

  57. Anna Ferguson, Georgetown University

  58. Anna Rosellini, University of Bologna

  59. Anna-Claire Steffen, PhD Candidate, UMass Amherst

  60. Annaclaudia Martini, Assistant Professor at University of Bologna, Italy

  61. Annapurna Menon, Teaching Associate, University of Sheffield

  62. Anne Berg, Assistant Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania.

  63. Anne Hunnell Chen, Assistant Professor of Art History and visual culture, Bard College

  64. Anne Norton, Professor, University of Pennsylvania

  65. Anneke Newman, Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Ghent

  66. Anooradha Iyer Siddiqi, Barnard College, Columbia University

  67. Anthony Alessandrini, Professor, City University of New York

  68. Anthony Gorman, Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh.

  69. Anton Shammas, Prof. Emeritus of Middle East Literatures, University of Michigan

  70. Antonio Scialà, Università Roma Tre, Italy

  71. Antonio Y. Vazquez-Arroyo, Associate Professor, Rutgers University-Newark.

  72. Arathi Sriprakash, University of Oxford

  73. Arun Kundnani, independent scholar and writer

  74. Arzu Somalı, PhD student, University of Istanbul.

  75. Aseil Abu-Baker, Legal Consultant.

  76. Ashok Kumar, Senior Lecturer of Political Economy, Birkbeck University.

  77. Asli Bali, Professor of Law, Yale University.

  78. Astrid Mrkich, refugee lawyer, Toronto, Canada

  79. Ata Hindi, Birzeit University.

  80. Atiya Habeeb Kidwai, retired Professor, Jawharlal Nehru University, India

  81. Ayça Çubukçu, Associate Professor in Human Rights, LSE

  82. Ayesha Khalid Chaudhry, Doctoral candidate at Deakin University Australia

  83. Ayesha Umaña Dajud, JSD student, Cornell University

  84. Ayushman Bhagat, Lecturer, Brunel University London

  85. Azam Khatam, Instructor, York University

  86. Azeezah Kanji, legal academic and journalist.

  87. Badreddine Rachidi, Graduate Student & Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University.

  88. Baki Tezcan, Professor of History, University of California, Davis

  89. Banah Ghadbian, Assistant Professor Of Comparative Women’s Studies, Spelman College

  90. Barbara Aiolfi, research fellow University of Milan – BICOCCA

  91. Barbara De Poli, Associate Professor, Ca’ Foscari University Venice

  92. Barry Trachtenberg, Rubin Presidential Chair of Jewish History, Wake Forest University, North Carolina.

  93. Basheer Ahmad, Retired professor, JNU, New Delhi

  94. Bashir Saade, Lecturer in Politics and Religion, University of Stirling.

  95. Bayan Abusneineh, Assistant Professor, Ohio State University

  96. Ben Golder, Professor, UNSW

  97. Ben Whitham, Lecturer in International Relations, SOAS University of London

  98. Ben Wiedel-Kaufmann, Lecturer, The Open University.

  99. Benjamin Selwyn, Professor of International Relations and Development, University of Sussex.

  100. Benjamin Thorne, Lecturer in Law, University of Kent.

  101. Berklee Baum, DPhil, University of Oxford

  102. Besan Jaber, Georgetown University.

  103. Bielasan Tareq Zaina, PhD Student, Georgetown University.

  104. Bikrum Gill, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Virginia Tech

  105. Bilal Maanaki, University of Virginia

  106. Bilge Yesil, City University of New York

  107. Bircan Ciytak, Research Fellow, University of Birmingham

  108. Birgul Kutan, University of Sussex

  109. Bishnupriya Ghosh, Professor, UC Santa Barbara

  110. Blanca Camps-Febrer, Adjunct Lecturer, Autonomous University of Barcelona

  111. Brannon Ingram, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, North-western University

  112. Brendan Ciaran Browne, Assistant Professor, School of Religion, Theology and Peace Studies, Trinity College Dublin

  113. Brenna Bhandar, Associate Professor, Allard Law Faculty

  114. Bridget Guarasci, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Franklin & Marshall College

  115. Bruce Robbins, Columbia University

  116. Camila Vergara, Senior Lecturer, University of Essex

  117. Camilo Pérez-Bustillo, Executive Director, National Lawyers’ Guild-San Francisco Bay Area chapter

  118. Carlo Caprioglio, Legal Clinic on Migration and Asylum, Università Roma Tre

  119. Carlo Leget, Professor of Care Ethics, University of Humanistic Studies.

  120. Carlos Bichet, Assistant Professor, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas , Universidad de Panama.

  121. Catherine Charrett, Senior Lecturer, International Relations, University of Westminster.

  122. Catherine Larocque, PhD candidate, University of Ottawa

  123. Cemil Aydin, Professor of International History, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

  124. Ceyda Turan, Lawyer at Turan Law Office

  125. Chaman Lal Retd Professor JNU

  126. Charles des Portes, Teaching Fellow in Political Theory, University of Leeds

  127. Chiara De Cesari, Professor of Heritage, Memory and Cultural Studies, University of Amsterdam.

  128. Chiara Pagano, Post-doc, University of Graz

  129. Chi-Chi Shi, PhD Researcher, Durham University

  130. Chris Barker, Assistant Professor, The American University in Cairo

  131. Chris Dole, Professor of Anthropology, Amherst College

  132. Chris Gilbert, Professor of Political Studies, Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela

  133. Christina Murray, Graduate Student, MAAS, Georgetown.

  134. Christine Hong, Professor, UC Santa Cruz

  135. Christo El Morr, Professor, York University, Canada

  136. Christopher Parker, Associate Professor, Ghent University

  137. Cigdem Cidam, Professor of Political Science, Union College Schenectady NY

  138. Cira Pascual Marquina, Professor of Political Studies, Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela

  139. Claire Begbie, PhD student at Concordia University, Montreal.

  140. Claire Gallien, Professor, University Montpellier 3

  141. Clara Han, Professor of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University

  142. Claudia Dides, Universidad de Santiago.

  143. Claudia Saba, Adjunct Lecturer, Ramon Llull University

  144. Clement Sichimwa, Lecturer and Researcher at University of Zambia

  145. Clod Marlan Krister Yambao, Asst. Professor University of the Philippines Dept. of Art Studies and Doctoral Research Fellow, Conflict Research Group, Ghent Univesity

  146. Colleen Bell, Associate Professor, University of Saskatchewan

  147. Cristiana Fiamingo, assistant prof. University of Milan

  148. Cristina Bacchilega, Professor Emerita, University of Hawaii-Manoa

  149. Curtis F.J. Doebbler, Research Professor of Law, Department of Law, University of Makeni

  150. Cynthia Franklin, Professor, University of Hawai’i

  151. Dalia Said Mostafa, Associate Professor, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar

  152. Daniel Brown, PhD, LSE Sociology Department

  153. Daniel Segal, Jean M Pitzer Professor Emeritus, Pitzer College

  154. Daniel Stein, Assistant Professor, O.P. Jindal Global Law School

  155. Daniela Meneghini ca’ Foscari università of Venice

  156. Daniela Pioppi University of Naples L’Orientale

  157. Danielle Fernandes, Doctoral researcher, Vrije Universiteit Brussel

  158. Dara Leyden, PhD candidate, Queen Mary University of London

  159. Daragh Murray, Senior Lecturer, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London.

  160. Darryl Li, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Associate Member of the Law School, University of Chicago.

  161. David Leadbeater, Adjunct Professor, Laurentian University, Canada

  162. David Palumbo-Liu, Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor, Stanford University.

  163. David Theo Goldberg, Professor, University of California, Irvine

  164. David van Leeuwen, professor, Radboud University Nijmegen

  165. David Whyte, Professor of Climate Justice, Queen Mary University of London

  166. Dearbhla Minogue, Senior Lawyer at Global Legal Action Network

  167. Deborah B. Gould, Professor of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz

  168. Deborah Lawson, PhD Candidate, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool.

  169. Deen Sharp, Visiting Fellow, LSE

  170. Diana Allan, McGill University

  171. Diana Jeater, Professor of African History, University of Liverpool

  172. Diane Lamoureux, professeure émérite, Université Laval.

  173. Dimitri Van Den Meerssche, Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London.

  174. Dina Al-Kassim, Professor, University of British Columbia

  175. Dina M. Siddiqi, Global Liberal Studies, New York University

  176. Dina Matar, Professor Political Communication, SOAS

  177. Dino Pancani C, Facultad de Comunicacion e Imagen, Universidad de Chile.

  178. Dolly Kikon, University of Melbourne

  179. Donia Khraishi, Georgetown University

  180. Douaa sheet, Assistant Professor, American University

  181. Douglas Carson, Design Fellow, University College Dublin

  182. Dr David Landy, Director of MPhil in Race Ethnicity and Conflict, Trinity College Dublin

  183. Edemilson Paraná, Associate Professor of Social Sciences, LUT University, Finland

  184. Eduardo Villavicencio, PhD Student, Kent Law School.

  185. Edward Brennan, Lecturer, Technological University, Dublin

  186. Edwin Bikundo, Senior Lecturer, Griffith Law School

  187. Eftychia Mylona, Lecturer, Leiden University

  188. Egidio de Bustamante, Senior Lecturer, Unit for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Innsbruck.

  189. Ekin Kurtic, Postdoctoral Fellow, Northwestern University

  190. Elena Vezzadini, Research affiliate, Institute for African Worlds

  191. Elif Babül, Associate Professor, Mount Holyoke College

  192. Elif Durmuş, Postdoctoral Researcher in International Law and Human Rights, University of Antwerp

  193. Elisa Giunchi, Professor, Università degli studi di Milano

  194. Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, Professor of Politics and Religious Studies, Northwestern University.

  195. Elora Halim Chowdhury, Professor, UMass Boston

  196. Elora Shehabuddin, Professor, UC Berkeley

  197. Elyse Crystall, Teaching Professor, UNC Chapel Hill

  198. Emilio Dabed, adjunct professor of law, York University, Toronto

  199. Emily J. Sumner, Ph.D. candidate, University of Minnesota

  200. Emily Watkins, Graduate Teaching Assistant/Instructor, University of Kansas

  201. Emma Palmer, Senior Lecturer, Griffith University

  202. Enrica Rigo, Associate professor of law, University of Roma Tre

  203. Eren Duzgun, Assistant Professor of International Relations, University of Cyprus

  204. Eric Hooglund, Editor, Middle East Critique

  205. Eskandar Sadeghi, Associate Professor, University of York

  206. Estella Carpi, Assistant Professor in Humanitarian Studies, University College London

  207. Ettore Asoni, University of Bologna

  208. Eva Nanopoulos, Senior Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London.

  209. Fabio Lanza, Professor, University of Arizona.

  210. Fabio Marcelli, Senior Researcher of the Institute for International legal studies.

  211. Fadi Ennab, Vanier Scholar/PhD Student, University of Manitoba

  212. Farah Mahmoud, Doctoral Candidate, Florida International University

  213. Farida Khan, Professor, University of Colorado

  214. Fatemeh Shams, Associate Professor of Persian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A

  215. Fathimah Fildzah Izzati, PhD Candidate, SOAS University of London

  216. Fatima Sajjad, Associate professor, Director Center for Critical Peace Studies, University of Management and Technology Lahore

  217. Fauzia Ahmad, Senior Lecturer, Goldsmiths

  218. Féilim Ó hAdhmaill, Lecturer, University College Cork

  219. Felícia Campos, PhD researcher in Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies, University of Edinburgh.

  220. Felicite Fairer-Wessels, emeritus professor, University of Pretoria, South Africa

  221. Fernando Quintana, PhD Student and GTA, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law

  222. Fida Adely, Assistant Professor, Georgetown University

  223. Fien De Meyer, PhD, University of Antwerp.

  224. Flagg Miller, Professor, University of California, Davis

  225. Francesca Biancani, Associate Professor, University of Bologna

  226. Francesca Romana Ammaturo, Senior Lecturer, London Metropolitan University.

  227. Francis Cody, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Toronto

  228. Francisca James Hernandez, Instructional Faculty, Pima Community College

  229. Fulya Pinar, Postdoctoral scholar, Middle East Studies, Brown University.

  230. Gabriela Kuetting, Professor of Global Politics, Rutgers University-Newark

  231. Gabriele vom Bruck, SOAS.

  232. Gareth Dale, Politics, Brunel University

  233. Gargi Bhattacharyya, Professor, University of the Arts

  234. Gary Fields, University of California San Diego

  235. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Professor, Columbia University

  236. Gearóid Ó Cuinn, Founding Director, Global Legal Action Network (GLAN)

  237. Gennaro Gervasio, Associate Professor, Università Roma Tre

  238. German Correa profesor Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

  239. Germán Santana Pérez, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

  240. Ghada Ageel, University of Alberta.

  241. Ghadir Zannoun, Associate Professor, University of Kentucky

  242. Gholam Khiabany, Goldsmiths, University of London

  243. Gianfranco Ragona, professor at University of Turin

  244. Gillian Hart, Professor Emeritus, University of California Berkeley

  245. Gillian Maris Jones, Ph.D. candidate, University of Pennsylvania

  246. Giorgia Baldi, Lecturer, University of Sussex.

  247. Giulia Contes, project manger and PhD student, UAntwerpen

  248. Giuseppe Aragno, Storico, Fondazione Humaniter, Napoli

  249. Giuseppe Mastruzzo, Director, International University College of Turin

  250. Gloria Novovic, Gender, Development and Globalisation Fellow, London School of Economics.

  251. Golnar Nikpour, Assistant Professor or History, Dartmouth College

  252. Gordon Christie, Professor, Peter A Allard School of Law, University of British Columbia

  253. Goretti Horgan, Senior Lecturer, Ulster University

  254. Greg Albo, professor, Politics, York University

  255. Greg Burris, Associate Professor, American University of Beirut.

  256. Guido Donini, former Assistant Professor 0ffof Classics at the University of Chicago

  257. Guillermo Gigliani, Professor, Universidad Nacional de Moreno, Argentina

  258. Hadia Mubarak, Assistant Professor of Religion, Queens University of Charlotte.

  259. Haim Beresheeth, Professorial Research Associate, SOAS University of London.

  260. Hakeem Yusuf, Professor of Global Law, University of Derby

  261. Hamed Al-Mogarry, Sana’a University.

  262. Hanan Elsayed, Occidental College

  263. Hanan Kashou, Associate Teaching Professor, Rutger University.

  264. Hanan Toukan, Associate Professor, Bard College Berlin

  265. Hannah Boast, Chancellor’s Fellow, University of Edinburgh

  266. Hannah NS Bahrin, PhD student, Queen Mary University

  267. Hannelore Van Bavel, postdoctoral researcher, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & University of Bristol

  268. Harold Marcuse, Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara

  269. Hasan Basri Bülbül, Assistant Professor of International Law, Boğaziçi University, Turkey.

  270. Hasan Shuaib, PhD Graduate, Rutgers University

  271. Hassan Jabareen, General Director, Adalah Legal Center.

  272. Hatice Ozturk, PhD student, Georgetown University

  273. Hayley Gibson, University of Kent.

  274. Hazem Jamjoum, Curator, British Library.

  275. Helga Tawil-Souri, Associate Professor, New York University

  276. Helmi Mohammed Abdo, Sana’a Community College.

  277. Helyeh Doutaghi, Research Scholar, Yale University.

  278. Hesham Sallam, Stanford University

  279. Hilla Dayan, Lecturer, Amsterdam University College.

  280. Hossein Kamaly, Professor of Interfaith Studies, Hartford international University for Religion and Peace

  281. Howard Pflanzer, Adj. Associate Professor, Hunter College

  282. Howard Winant, University of California, Santa Barbara

  283. Howie Rechavia-Taylor, Fellow, LSE

  284. Hulya Dagdeviren, Professor of Economic Development, University of Hertfordshire.

  285. Humeira Iqtidar, King’s College London

  286. Huseyin Disli & Kent Law School/Worldwide Lawyers Association Research and Programmes Executive.

  287. Idil Abdillahi Assistant Professor, TMU.

  288. Ignasi Bernat, Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Sociology, University of Barcelona

  289. Inessa Hadjivayanis, PhD candidate, SOAS.

  290. Inge van Nistelrooij, associate professor, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht.

  291. Intan Suwandi, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Illinois State University.

  292. Iqra Anugrah, Research Fellow, International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden University.

  293. Ira Bhaskar, Retd. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

  294. Irene Van Staveren, professor of economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam.

  295. Irina Ceric, Assistant Professor, University of Windsor Faculty of Law

  296. Isabel Huacuja Alonso, Assistant Professor, Columbia University

  297. Isabel Käser, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Bern

  298. Isabella Camera d’Afflitto – Honorary Professor, Sapienza università di Roma

  299. Isabelle Mildonian, Graduate, Roanoke College.

  300. Işıl Aral, Assistant professor of international law, Koç University

  301. Isobel Roele, Reader in Law, Queen Mary University of London

  302. Issa Shivji, Professor Emeritus, University of Dar es Salaam

  303. J. Travis Shutz, Assistant Professor, California State University Los Angeles

  304. Jack Halberstam, Columbia University

  305. Jack McGinn, PhD candidate, LSE

  306. Jairo I. Fúnez-Flores, Texas Tech University

  307. Jalal Kawash, Academic, University of Calgary

  308. Jamal Ali, Assistant Teaching Professor, Rutgers University

  309. James Eastwood, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Queen Mary University of London

  310. Jan Selby, Professor of International Politics, University of Leeds

  311. Jaskiran Dhillon, Associate Professor, The New School

  312. Jasmin Johurun Nessa, University of Liverpool.

  313. Jasmine Barzani, PhD candidate Melbourne University

  314. Jason Beckett, Associate Professor, American University in Cairo

  315. Javier González-Arellano, Profesor asociado de filosofía del Derecho Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

  316. Jay Ramasubramanyam, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Science, York University

  317. Jean Beaman, Associate Professor, Sociology, University of California-Santa Barbara

  318. Jeannette Graulau, Associate Professor, CUNY

  319. Jeff Handmaker, Associate Professor, Erasmus University Rotterdam.

  320. Jeffrey Sacks, Associate Professor, University of California, Riverside

  321. Jeffrey Stevenson Murer, Senior Lecturer on Collective Violence, University of St Andrews

  322. Jehan Mohamed, Lecturer, Rutgers State University.

  323. Jenny Phillimore, Professor, University of Birmingham

  324. Jeremy Dell, Lecturer, University of Edinburgh

  325. Jessie Daniels, PhD, Professor, CUNY

  326. Jillian Rogin, Associate Professor (Law), University of Windsor.

  327. Jinan Bastaki, Associate Professor of Legal Studies, NYUAD.

  328. Jo Bluen, London School of Economics, PhD candidate

  329. Joel Gordon, Professor of History, University of Arkansas

  330. Johanna Ray Vollhardt, Associate Professor, Clark University

  331. John Bellamy Foster, Profesor Emeritus, University of Oregon.

  332. John Cox, Director, Center for Holocaust, Genocide & Human Rights Studies, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

  333. John L. Esposito, Distinguished University Professor, Georgetown University

  334. John Reynolds, Associate Professor of International Law, Maynooth University.

  335. Jolanda Guardi, Professor, University of Turin

  336. Jo-Marie Burt, Associate Professor, George Mason University

  337. Jonathan Wheeler, Assistant professor and researcher, National University of Tucumán-CONICET.

  338. Jordan Cortesi, PhD student, University of Kansas.

  339. Jordana Silverstein, Senior Research Fellow, University of Melbourne

  340. Jose Itzigsohn, Professor of Sociology, Brown University

  341. Joseph Elsayyid, Yale University

  342. Julian Go, Professor, University of Chicago

  343. Juliane Hammer, Professor of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

  344. Jyotirmaya Sharma, Professor, University of Hyderabad

  345. Kaiya Aboagye, Senior Lecturer, University Western Sydney

  346. Kalbir Shukra, former senior lecturer now independent researcher.

  347. Kareem Rabie, Associate Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago

  348. Karen Crawley, Senior Lecturer, Griffith Law School

  349. Karin Arts, Professor of International Law and Development, International Institute of Social Studies

  350. Karma Nabulsi, Professor, University of Oxford

  351. Kasia Paprocki, Associate Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science

  352. Katherine Gallagher, Center for Constitutional Rights

  353. Katherine Natanel, Senior Lecturer in Gender Studies, University of Exeter

  354. Katy Kalemkerian, John Abbott College

  355. Kaveh Ehsani, Associate Professor, DePaul University- Chicago

  356. Ken Fero Assistant Professor Coventry University

  357. Kenzie El Bakry, Graduate Social Sciences, University of Düsseldorf

  358. Kevin A. Gould, Associate Professor of Geography, Concordia University

  359. Kevin Skerrett, Adjunct Research Professor, Institute of Political Economy, Carleton University

  360. Khaled Abou El Fadl, Professor, UCLA law School

  361. Kiran Asher, Professor and Chair, Department of Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies, UMass Amherst

  362. Kirsten Forkert, Professor of Cultural Studies, Birmingham City University.

  363. Koen Leurs, Associate Professor, Utrecht University.

  364. Kristina Richardson, Professor, University of Virginia.

  365. Kurt Schock, Professor, Rutgers University, Newark

  366. Laila Farah, Depaul University, Associate Professor

  367. Laila Parsons, Professor, McGill University

  368. Laila Shereen Sakr, Associate Professor, UC Santa Barbara

  369. Laith Aqel, Clinical Lecturer in Law, Yale Law School.

  370. Laleh Khalili, Professor, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter

  371. Lana Sirri, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Amsterdam.

  372. Lara Deeb, Professor of Anthropology, Scripps College

  373. Lara Fricke, PhD candidate University of Exeter

  374. Lara Khattab, Assistant Professor at Mount Allison University

  375. Laura De Vos, Assistant Professor American Studies, Radboud University

  376. Laura Fair, Professor, Columbia University

  377. Laura Maghețiu, Doctoral Researcher, CLaSP, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL).

  378. Laura Rodriguez Castro, Southern Cross University

  379. Laurie King, Anthropology, Georgetown University

  380. Laurie King, Teaching Professor, Department of Anthropology, Georgetown University

  381. Layli Uddin, Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London

  382. Leena Grover, Associate Professor of International Law, Tilburg University

  383. Leila Ullrich, Associate Professor of Criminology, University of Oxford.

  384. Lena Alhusseini, Phd Student, California Institute of Integral Studies

  385. Leo Spitzer, Professor of History Emeritus, Dartmouth College

  386. Leon Sealey-Huggins, Assistant Professor of Global Sustainable Development, University of Warwick

  387. Leticia Rovira-Facultad de Humanidades y Artes- Universidad Nacional de Rosario – Argentina

  388. Leyla Neyzi, Research Fellow, University of Glasgow

  389. Lila Pine, Associate Professor, New Media, Toronto Metropolitan University

  390. Liliana Suárez, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

  391. Lisa Hajjar, Professor of Sociology, UC Santa Barbara

  392. Livia Wick, Associate Professor, American University of Beirut.

  393. Liyana Kayali, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Sydney

  394. Lori Allen, Reader in Anthropology, SOAS University of London.

  395. Lucia Sorbera, Senior Lecturer and Chair Arabic Language and Cultures, The University of Sydney

  396. Luigi Daniele, Senior Lecturer in Law, Nottingham Trent University

  397. Luis Andueza, Lecturer in International Development, King’s College London

  398. Luis Eslava, Professor of International Law, La Trobe University & University of Kent

  399. M. Bahati Kuumba, Professor of Comparative Women’s Studies, Spelman College

  400. M. Muhannad Ayyash, Professor of Sociology, Mount Royal University.

  401. Macarena Aguiló, Académica Universidad de Chile

  402. Madawi Al-Rasheed, Professor, LSE

  403. Madeline G. Levine, Kenan Professor of Slavic Literatures Emerita, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

  404. Maghraoui Driss, Al Akhawayn University, Morocco.

  405. Maha Abdallah, Graduate Teaching Assistant & PhD researcher, Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp.

  406. Maha Nassar, Associate Professor, University of Arizona.

  407. Maha Shuayb, University of Cambridge and Centre for Lebanese Studies.

  408. Maher Hamoud, Associate Scholar, KU Leuven

  409. Mahsheed Ansari, Senior Lecturer, Charles Sturt University

  410. Mahvish Ahmad, Assistant Professor in Human Rights and Politics, LSE & Co-Director LSE Human Rights.

  411. Mairaj Syed, Professor, Religious Studies and Middle East South Asia Studies, University of California, Davis

  412. Maisha Prome, PhD Candidate, Yale University

  413. Malek Abisaab, Associate Professor McGill University

  414. Mandy Turner, professor of conflict, peace and humanitarian affairs, University of Manchester, UK.

  415. Marcela Alvarez Pérez, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

  416. Marcela Pizarro , Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London

  417. Margaux L Kristjansson, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow in Native American and Indigenous Studies, Bard College

  418. Maria Bhatti, lecturer, School of Law, Western Sydney University

  419. Maria Cristina Paciello, researcher, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice

  420. Maria Federica Moscati, Reader in Law and Society, University of Sussex.

  421. Maria Haro Sly, Ph.D. Candidate, Johns Hopkins University.

  422. Maria LaHood, Deputy Legal Director, Center for Constitutional Rights.

  423. Maria Rashid Fellow, Gender Studies Department, London School of Economics.

  424. Maria Tzanakopoulou, Lecturer in Law, Birkbeck, University of London

  425. Mariam Motamedi Fraser, Reader in Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London

  426. Mariana Gkiati, Assistant Professor, Tilburg University

  427. Marianne Hirschberg, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kassel, Germany.

  428. Marieke Potma, PhD-candidate, University for Humanistic Studies.

  429. Marilù Mastrogiovanni, Adjunct professor in Journalism, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”

  430. Mario Novelli, University of Sussex

  431. Marion Kaplan, NYU, Emerita

  432. Marios Costa, Senior Lecturer, City, University of London

  433. Marjorie Cohn, Founding Dean, People’s Academy of International Law

  434. Mark Goodman, Professor, Sociology, York University, Toronto

  435. Marnie Holborow, Associate Faculty, Dublin City University

  436. Marsha Henry, London School of Economics

  437. Marsha Rosengarten, Professor of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London

  438. Marta Giallombardo, PhD candidate, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia.

  439. Marwa Daoudy, Associate Professor, Georgetown University

  440. Marwa Neji, researcher, Ghent University, Belgium.

  441. Mary Ana McGlasson, Director, Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne

  442. Mary Ellen Davis, part-time faculty, Concordia University, Montréal

  443. Marya Farah, Legal Researcher

  444. Maryam Aldossari, Associate Professor, Royal Holloway University of London

  445. Matt Howard, Lecturer, University of Kent

  446. Matteo Capasso, University of Venice, Italy.

  447. Matthew Cole, Lecturer in Technology, Work and Employment.

  448. Maud Anne Bracke, Professor of modern European history, University of Glasgow UK

  449. Maura Finkelstein, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Muhlenberg College

  450. Mauricio Amar, Centro de Estudios Árabes Eugenio Chahuan, Universidad de Chile

  451. Maja Janmyr, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo

  452. Maya Mikdashi, Associate Professor, Rutgers University.

  453. Mayur Suresh, Senior Lecturer, SOAS University of London.

  454. Mazen Masri, Senior Lecturer in Law, The City Law School, City University of London.

  455. Maziar Behrooz, San Francisco State University

  456. Meera Sabaratnam, Associate Professor, University of Oxford

  457. Mehmet Erken, İstanbul University

  458. Mehrdad F. Samadzadeh, University of Toronto

  459. Melania Brito Clavijo, PhD candidate; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona

  460. Melanie Richter-Montpetit, Senior Lecturer in International Security, Department of International Relations, University of Sussex.

  461. Melinda González, Assistant Professor, Georgetown University

  462. Micah Khater, Assistant Professor, University of California-Berkeley

  463. Michael Daniel Yates, Professor Emeritus, University of Pittsburghersity of Pittsburgh

  464. Michael Fakhri, Professor of Law, University of Oregon.

  465. Michael Rodríguez-Muñiz, Associate Professor, University of California, Berkeley

  466. Michael Rothberg, Professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Holocaust Studies, UCLA.

  467. Michel Feher, Editor/Publisher, Zone books, NY.

  468. Michelle Burgis-Kasthala, Senior Lecturer in Public International Law

  469. Michelle Hartman, Professor, McGill University

  470. Michiel Bot, Associate Professor, Tilburg Law School.

  471. Miguel Valderrama, investigador adjunto Instituto de Filosofía, Universidad Diego Portales.

  472. Mikki Stelder, Assistant Professor Global Arts and Politics, University of Amsterdam.

  473. Minoo Moallem, Professor, UC Berkeley

  474. Miriam Ticktin, Professor, CUNY Graduate Center.

  475. Miriyam Aouragh, Professor, University of Westminster.

  476. Mirjam Twigt, Leiden University

  477. Moara Assis Crivelente, Researcher in the Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra

  478. Mohamad Arnaout, Associate Professor, Lebanese International University

  479. Mohamed Ali, PhD Candidate, Georgetown University

  480. Mohamed Mathee, Senior Lecturer, University of Johannesburg.

  481. Mohamed Sayed, Associate instructor and PhD candidate at Indiana University

  482. Mohamed Wajdi Ben Hammed, Assistant Professor at UC Berkeley

  483. Mohammad Ataie, Lecturer, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

  484. Mohammad Fakhreddine, Assistant Teaching Professor, Georgetown University

  485. Mohammad Shahabuddin, Professor, University of Birmingham

  486. Mohammed Abukhdeir. Abukhdeir family President

  487. Mohammed Sawaie, Professor, University of Virginia

  488. Mohan Rao, former professor at JNU, New Delhi

  489. Mohsen al Attar, Reader, Associate Dean, XJTLU

  490. Mona Baker, University of Oslo

  491. Monisha Das Gupta, University of Hawaiʻi

  492. Mridula Mukherjee JNU India Retired Professor

  493. Murad Idris, Associate Professor, University of Michigan

  494. Myria Georgiou, Professor, LSE

  495. Mythri Jegathesan, Associate Professor, Santa Clara University.

  496. Nabil Al-Tikriti, Professor, University of Mary Washington

  497. Nabil Salih, graduate student at Bard College

  498. Nada Elia, Visiting Professor, Western Washington University

  499. Nadeem Karkabi, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Haifa

  500. Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Lawrence D Biele Chair in Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Global Chair in Law, Queen Mary University of London.

  501. Nadia Abu El-Haj, Ann Whitney Olin Professor, Barnard College & Columbia University.

  502. Nadia Ahmad, Associate Professor of Law, Barry University; PhD Student, Yale School of the Environment

  503. Nadia Guessous, Colorado College

  504. Nadia Silhi Chahin, PhD researcher, Law School – University of Edinburgh

  505. Nadine El-Enany, Professor of Law, University of Kent.

  506. Nadje Al-Ali, Professor of Anthropology and Middle East Studies, Brown University

  507. Nahla Abdo, Professor, Carleton University.

  508. Naiefa Rashied, Lecturer: School of Economics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

  509. Nalini Mohabir, Associate Professor, Concordia University.

  510. Namita Wahi, Senior Fellow, Centre for Policy Research.

  511. Nancy Gallagher, professor emerita, UCSB

  512. Nandini Chandra, Associate Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa

  513. Naomi Taub, Postdoctoral Fellow, UCLA

  514. Naoual El Yattouti, PhD Researcher University of Antwerp

  515. Natalie Kouri-Towe, Associate Professor, Concordia University

  516. Nathalie Khankan, Continuing Lecturer, UC Berkeley

  517. Nathaniel George, Lecturer in Politics of the Middle East, SOAS, University of London

  518. Naveed Ahmad Mir. PhD student and GTA, Kent Law School.

  519. Naveeda Khan, Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins University

  520. Nazia Kazi, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Stockton University.

  521. Nesrine Badawi, Associate Professor, The American University in Cairo

  522. Niall Meehan, Head, Journalism & Media Faculty, Griffith College, Dublin (retired)

  523. Niamh Rooney, Assistant Lecturer, Dept. of International Development, Maynooth University

  524. Nichola Khan. Professor, University of Edinburgh

  525. Nicola Perugini, Associate Professor, University of Edinburgh. 

  526. Nicola Pratt, Professor of the International Politics of the Middle East, University of Warwick

  527. Nicola Soekoe, Counsel, Pan African Bar Association of South Africa (PABASA).

  528. Nicole Beardsworth, Wits University

  529. Nicole Ranganath, Assistant Professor, UC Davis

  530. Nicos Trimikliniotis, Professor, University of Nicosia.

  531. Nida Kirmani, Associate Professor, Lahore University of Management Sciences

  532. Nikhita Mendis, Anthropology PhD Student, University of Chicago

  533. Nimer Sultany, Reader in Public Law, SOAS University of London.

  534. Nimet Cebeci, PhD Candidate, Harvard University

  535. Nina Eliasoph, University of Southern California

  536. Nina Farnia, Assistant Professor, Albany Law School

  537. Nisha Kapoor, Associate Professor, University of Warwick

  538. Nivi Manchanda, Reader in International Politics Queen Mary University of London

  539. Noah Salomon, Associate Professor, University of Virginia

  540. Noam Peleg, Senior Lecturer,  

  541. Noor Gieles, MD & PhD student, Amsterdam UMC.

  542. Nora E.H. Parr, Research Fellow, University of Birmingham

  543. Norma Rantisi, Concordia University.

  544. Nour El Kadri, Professor, University of Ottawa

  545. Noura Erakat, Associate Professor, Rutgers University, New Brunswick.

  546. Noura Nasser, PhD student, LSE.

  547. Noureddine Jebnoun, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University

  548. Ntina Tzouvala, Associate Professor ANU College of Law.

  549. Nusrat S Chowdhury, Associate Professor, Amherst College

  550. Olga Grau, Universidad de Chile

  551. Olga Touloumi, Associate Professor, Bard College

  552. Oludamini Ogunnaike, University of Virginia

  553. Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Georgetown University

  554. Omar Al-Ghazzi, Associate Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science

  555. Omar Farahat, Associate Professor, McGill University

  556. Omar Jabary Salamanca, Postdoc Fellow, Université libre de Bruxelles.

  557. Omer Bartov, Samuel Pisar Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Department of History; Faculty Fellow, Watson Institute for International & Public Affairs, Brown University.

  558. Omid Safi, Professor, Duke University

  559. Omnia El Shakry, Professor of History, Yale University

  560. Omr Kassem, University of Chicago

  561. Osama Siddique. Inaugural Henry J. Steiner Professor of Human Rights. Harvard law School.

  562. Osman Bakar, Professor of Islamic Thought, International Islamic University Malaysia

  563. Othman Belkebir, Ph.D researcher, Geneva Graduate Institute.

  564. Ozlem Biner Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, SOAS

  565. Pablo Oyarzun R., Universidad de Chile.

  566. Paola Rivetti, Associate Professor, Dublin City University

  567. Paola Zichi, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Warwick Law School

  568. Patricia Sampedro, postgraduate student in International Development at the University of Oxford

  569. Patrick Shi Timmer, Postgraduate Student, King’s College London.

  570. Paul Michael Garrett, PhD, D. Lit, MRIA, University of Galway

  571. Paula Chakravartty, James Weldon Johnson Associate Professor of Media Studies, NYU

  572. Pauline Martini, Doctoral researcher, Queen Mary University of London.

  573. Pete W. Moore, Associate Professor, Case Western Reserve University

  574. Peter Drury, Kent Law School, PhD Student.

  575. Peter Hallward, Professor of Philosophy, Kingston University UK

  576. Pietro Masina, professor, University of Naples L’Orientale.

  577. Pınar Kemerli, Assistant Professor, Bard College

  578. Polly Withers, Leverhulme ECF, LSE

  579. Pooja Rangan, Associate Professor of English in Film and Media Studies, Amherst College

  580. Popy Begum, Saint Louis University.

  581. R. Brian Ferguson, Rutgers University-Newark

  582. Rabea Eghbariah, SJD Candidate, Harvard Law School.

  583. Rachad Antonius, retired full professor, Université du Québec à Montréal

  584. Rahima Siddique, Phd Student, University of Manchester.

  585. Rahul Rao, Reader, University of St Andrews

  586. Rami G Khouri, American University of Beirut.

  587. Ran Zwigenberg, Associate Professor of Asian Studies, History, and Jewish Studies, Pennsylvania State University.

  588. Rana Kazkaz, Associate Professor, Northwestern University Qatar

  589. Randa M. Wahbe; PhD student; Harvard University

  590. Randa Tawil, Texas Christian University

  591. Raphael Salkie, Emeritus Professor of Language Studies, University of Brighton

  592. Rasha Bayoumi, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Birmingham

  593. Rashid Yahiaoui, Assistant Professor, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar.

  594. Ratna Kapur, Professor, Queen Mary University of London

  595. Raz Segal, Associate Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Stockton University.

  596. Razan AlSalah, Concordia University.

  597. Rebecca Ruth Gould, Professor, SOAS University of London.

  598. Reem Abou-El-Fadl, Senior Lecturer in Comparative Politics of the Middle East, SOAS University of London

  599. Reem Al-Botmeh, Lecturer, Institute of Law, Birzeit University

  600. Reem Awny Abuzaid, PhD candidate, University of Warwick

  601. Renate Bridenthal, The City University of New York

  602. Renisa Mawani, Professor, Sociology, University of British Columbia.

  603. Reuven Pinnata, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Washington.

  604. Rhys Machold, Senior Lecturer, University of Glasgow

  605. Ricarda Hammer, Assistant Professor, UC Berkeley

  606. Richard Clements, Assistant Professor, Tilburg Law School

  607. Richard Falk, Professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University.

  608. Richard Marcuse, Anthropology, formerly University of Victoria

  609. Richard Wild, Principal Lecturer in Criminology, University of Greenwich

  610. Rita Sakr, Maynooth University

  611. Robert Crews, Professor of History, Stanford University

  612. Roberto Filippello, Assistant Professor at University of Amsterd.

  613. Rochelle Davis, Sultanate of Oman Associate Professor, Georgetown University

  614. Rodante van der Waal, PhD-candidate, University for Humanistic Studies.

  615. Rodrigo C. Bulamah, Professor, State University of Rio de Janeiro

  616. Roger Heacock, Professor of history emeritus , Birzeit University, Palestine

  617. Rohini Sen, School of Law, University of Warwick.

  618. Ronak Kapadia, Associate Professor, University of Illinois Chicago

  619. Ronit Lentin, Retired Associate Professor of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin

  620. Rose Parfitt, Senior Lecturer in International Law, University of Kent.

  621. Rosemarie Buikema , professor of art, culture and diversity

  622. Roxana Pessoa Cavalcanti, University of Brighton

  623. Roxana Pey, académica Universidad de Chile.

  624. Ruba Salih, Professor, Università di Bologna.

  625. Ruth Fletcher, Reader in Law, Queen Mary University of London

  626. S. Hasan Mahmud, retired professor Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

  627. S. Sayyid, Professor of Decolonial Thought and Social Theory, University of Leeds.

  628. S. Yaser Mirdamadi Researcher and lecturere at the Institute of Ismaʼili Studies, London.

  629. Saada Hammad, part time instructor, Holt Spirit University of Kaslik.

  630. Saadat Umar Pirzada, Assistant Lecturer, PhD Candidate, Kent Law School.

  631. Sabreena Ghaffar-Siddiqui Sheridan College

  632. Sacide Ataş, Ph.D. Candidate, Istanbul Medeniyet University

  633. Sadiyya Haffejee, Associate Professor, University of Johannesburg.

  634. Sa’ed Atshan, Associate Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Anthropology, Swarthmore College

  635. Sai Englert, Lecturer, Leiden University.

  636. Salem Abdellatif Al-Shawafi, Professor of Philosophy, Community College Qatar.

  637. Samer Abdelnour, Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh.

  638. Samer Jabbour, Researcher, Syrian Center for Policy Studies.

  639. Sami Hermez, Director of Liberal Arts Program and Associate professor of Anthropology, Northwestern University in Qatar

  640. Samia Bano, SOAS, University of London.

  641. Samia Henni, Cornell University

  642. Sandro Mezzadra, Professor, University of Bologna

  643. Santiago Alberto Vargas Niño, Lecturer in IH(R)L and ICL, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia

  644. Santosh Anand, Assistant Lecturer, Kent Law School, University of Kent

  645. Santosh Mehrotra, Visiting Professor, institute for Policy Research, University of Bath

  646. Sara Alsaraf, University of Birmingham, UK, PhD Student

  647. Sara Chaudhry, Senior Lecturer, Birkbeck

  648. Sara Dehm, Senior Lecturer, University of Technology Sydney

  649. Sara Elbrolosy, Georgetown University.

  650. Sara Matthews, Associate Professor of Culture and Conflict, Global Studies and Communication Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University

  651. Sara Pursley, Associate Professor, New York University

  652. Sara Razai , Lecturer, University of Westminster.

  653. Sarah Bracke, Professor, University of Amsterdam.

  654. Sarah El-Kazaz, Senior Lecturer, SOAS, University of London

  655. Sarah Ghabrial, Assoc. Prof, Concordia University (Montreal)

  656. Sarah Ihmoud, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, The College of the Holy Cross.

  657. Sarah Irving, Lecturer in History, Staffordshire University

  658. Sarah Keenan, Reader in Law, Birkbeck College, University of London

  659. Sarah Lamble, Reader in Criminology, Birkbeck, University of London

  660. Sarah Phillips, Professor of Global Conflict and Development, The University of Sydney

  661. Sarah Raymundo , Assistant Professor, Center for International Studies University of the Philippines Diliman

  662. Sasan Fayazmanesh, Professor Emeritus of Economics, California State University, Fresno

  663. Scheherazade Bloul, PhD, Deakin University

  664. Scott Newton, Professor of Laws of Central Asia, SOAS University of London

  665. Sean Lee, Assistant Professor of Political Science, American University in Cairo

  666. Sean T. Mitchell, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Rutgers University-Newark

  667. Sebastián Link, PhD student, Johns Hopkins University.

  668. Selim Can Bilgin, Partner at Kabine Law

  669. Shabbir Agha Abbas, PhD Candidate, University of Arizona

  670. Shabnam Holliday, University of Plymouth

  671. Shahd Hammouri, University of Kent.

  672. Shakuntala Banaji, Professor, LSE

  673. Sharika Thiranagama, Associate Professor, Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology.

  674. Sharmila Parmanand, Assistant Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science.

  675. Sheer Ganor, History, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.

  676. Shehnaz Abdeljaber, University of Pennsylavania

  677. Sherene Seikaly, UCSB

  678. Shirin Saeidi, University of Arkansas

  679. Shohini Sengupta, Associate Professor, O.P. Jindal Global University, India

  680. Siddhartha Deb, Associate Professor, The New School

  681. Siggie Vertommen, Assistant Professor at University of Amsterdam.

  682. Sigrid Schmalzer, Professor of History, University of Masschusetts Amherst

  683. Silvia Groaz, Professor of Architecture History, ENSA Paris-Est

  684. Silvia Posocco, Reader in Social Anthropology, Birkbeck, University of London

  685. Simidele Dosekun, Assistant Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science

  686. Simon McKenzie, Lecturer, Griffith Law School

  687. Simone Sibilio, Associate Professor, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice

  688. Sinéad Mercier, PhD Researcher (international law), University College Dublin

  689. Sinead Ring, Lecturer School of Law and Criminology Maynooth University

  690. Siobhán Wills, Director of the Transitional Justice Institute, Ulster University

  691. Sivamohan Valluvan, Associate Professor, University of Warwick

  692. Sladjana Lazic, Assistant Professor, University of Innsbruck.

  693. Sneha Annavarapu, Yale-NUS college

  694. Sophia Brown, postdoctoral researcher, Freie Universität Berlin

  695. Sophia Stamatopoulou-Robbins, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Bard College

  696. Sophie Richter-Devroe, Associate Professor, Hamad Bin Khalifa University

  697. Souheir Edelbi, Lecturer, School of Law, Western Sydney University

  698. Stefan Kipfer, York University

  699. Stephanie Deig, PhD Candidate, University of Lucerne

  700. Steven Alan Carr, Director, Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Purdue University Fort Wayne (affiliation for identification purposes only).

  701. Steven I. Levine, Research Faculty Associate, Dept. of History, University of Montana, USA

  702. Sujith Xavier, Associate Professor & Associate Dean, Research and Graduate Studies.

  703. Sultan Doughan, Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London.

  704. Sumathy Sivamohan, Professor, University of Peradeniya.

  705. Sumayya Kassamali, Assistant Professor, University of Toronto

  706. Sumedha Choudhury, PhD candidate, Melbourne Law School

  707. Sumi Madhok, London School of Economics.

  708. Sune Haugbolle, Professor, Roskilde University

  709. Surabhi Ranganathan, Professor of International Law; Director of Postgraduate Education, University of Cambridge

  710. Suraya Khan, Assistant Professor, San Antonio College

  711. Susan M. Akram, Clinical Professor, Boston University School of Law

  712. Susan Power, Head of Legal Research and Advocacy, Al-Haq

  713. Susanne Wessendorf, Professor of Social Anthropology, Coventry University

  714. Suzana Rahde Gerchmann, PhD candidate and GTA at City, University of London.

  715. Swati Chattopadhyay, Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara

  716. Sydney Chuen, Georgetown University.

  717. Syed Muhammad Omar, PhD Research, University of Kansas

  718. Syeda Masood, Phd candidate, Brown University

  719. Talal Asad, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, City University of New York

  720. Tamanisha J. John, Assistant Professor at York University

  721. Tamsin Phillipa Paige, Senior Lecturer, Deakin Law School

  722. Taner Akcam, Director of Armenian Genocide Research Program at Promise Armenian Institute, UCLA.

  723. Tani Barlow, Professor of History, Rice University

  724. Tania Saeed, Associate Professor, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan

  725. Tanya Serisier, Reader in Feminist Theory and Criminology, Birkbeck, University of London

  726. Tanzil Chowdhury, Associate Professor of Public Law, Queen Mary University of London

  727. Tarik Nejat Dinc, Visiting Assistant Professor, Reed College

  728. Tariq Khan, Associate Professor, Govt College Township Lahore.

  729. Tasniem Anwar, Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

  730. Tendayi Achiume, Professor of Law UCLA School of Law

  731. Teresa Almeida Cravo, Associate Professor, University of Coimbra, Portugal

  732. Terri Ginsberg, Faculty, City University of New York

  733. Thalia Kruger, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp

  734. Thomas Blom Hansen, Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University.

  735. Thomas Cowan, University of Nottingham

  736. Thomas Earl Porter, Professor of Russian, Modern European and Genocide Studies, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University

  737. Tim Lindgren, Postdoctoral Fellow at Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam.

  738. Tim Lindgren, Postdoctoral Fellow in International Law at Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam

  739. Timothy Mitchell, Professor, Columbia University

  740. Tom Frost, Senior Lecturer, Kent Law School.

  741. Tom Pettinger, Research Fellow, University of Warwick

  742. Tor Krever, Assistant Professor in International Law, University of Cambridge

  743. Tori Fleming, Doctoral Student, York University

  744. Traek Z. Ismail, CUNY School of Law

  745. Trevor Lies, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Kansas.

  746. Trevor Ngwane, Senior Lecturer, University of Johannesburg

  747. Triestino Mariniello, LJMU

  748. Ubeydullah Ademi, PhD Student, Northwestern University

  749. Umair Pervez, Instructor University of Calgary

  750. Usha Natarajan, LPE Faculty Fellow, Yale Law School

  751. Valentina Zagaria, Research Associate, Anthropology Department, University of Manchester

  752. Valerie Forman, Associate professor, New York University

  753. Van Aken Mauro University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy

  754. Vanessa Ramos, Asociación Americana de Juristas, President

  755. Vasiliki Touhouliotis, Adjunct Faculty and Independent Scholar, Portland State University

  756. Vasken Markarian, PhD, University of Texas at Austin

  757. Vasuki Nesiah, Professor of Practice in Human Rights and International Law, The Gallatin School, NYU.

  758. Victoria Sanford, PhD, Lehman Professor of Excellence, Lehman College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York.

  759. Victoria Veguilla del Moral, Pablo de Olvide University

  760. Vida Samiian, Professor & Dean Emerita, CSU Fresno

  761. Vidya Kumar, Senior Lecturer in Law, SOAS, University of London

  762. Vikki Bell, Professor of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London

  763. Vivan, Itala, Professor, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy

  764. Wade McMullen, international human rights lawyer, Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights

  765. Wail S. Hassan, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

  766. Walaa Alqaisiya, University of Venice-Italy.

  767. Waqas Tufail, Reader in Criminology, Leeds Beckett University

  768. Waseem Yaqoob, Lecturer, History of Political Thought

  769. Wassim Naboulsi, Research Associate in IR, University of Sussex.

  770. Wendy Brown, Professor, Institute for Advanced Study.

  771. Wendy DeSouza, Adjunct Professor in Women and Gender Studies, Sonoma State University

  772. Wendy Gifford, Professor, University of Ottawa

  773. Wendy Pearlman, Professof Political Science, Northwestern University.

  774. William I Robinson, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara

  775. William Mazzarella, Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago

  776. Yaseen Noorani, Associate Professor, University of Arizona

  777. Yaser Amouri, PhD, Public International Law, Birzeit University, Palestine

  778. Yasmeen Azam, graduate student, UC Berkeley

  779. Yasmeen Hanoosh, Professor, Portland State University

  780. Yasmine Kherfi, PhD Student, LSE

  781. Yasmine Nahlawi, Legal Consultant.

  782. Yolande Jansen, Professor, University of Amsterdam

  783. Yosefa Loshitzky, Professor, University of London, UK

  784. Yusuf Ahmed, Tutor, SOAS.

  785. Zahra Ali, Assistant Professor at Rutgers University-Newark.

  786. Zahra Moloo, PhD candidate, Human Geography, University of Toronto

  787. Zakia Salime, Associate Professor, Rutgers

  788. Zeina Jamal, PhD, Queen Margaret University

  789. Zoé Samudzi, Visiting Assistant Professor, Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University

  790. Zoha Waseem, University of WarwickZoya Hasan, Professor Emerita, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi